1.
INTRODUCTION
Charging of the mobile phone, cell phone battery is
a big problem while traveling as power supply source is not generally accessible.
If you keep your cell phone switched on continuously, its battery will go flat
within five to six hours, making the cell phone useless. Using the USB port on
your computer to charge your player’s batteries is not always practical. What
if you do not have a computer available at the time or if you do not want to
power up a computer just for charging Or what if you are traveling Chargers for
Mobile Phones iPods and MP3 players are available but they are expensive and
you need separate models for charging at home and in the car.
This charger can
be used virtually anywhere. Here Wind energy is used to get 12v with the help
of generator. While we call the unit a charger, it really is nothing more than
a 5V supply that has a USB outlet. The actual charging circuit is incorporated
within the iPod or MP3 player itself, which only requires a 5V supply. As well
as charging, this supply can run USB-powered accessories such as reading
lights, fans and chargers, particularly for mobile phones.
The supply is housed in a small plastic case with a DC
input socket at one end and a USB type "A" outlet at the other end,
for connecting to Mobile Phone, an iPod or MP3 player when charging.
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION
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Fig
1
Blades of the fans capture kinetic energy, or the energy of
motion, from the movement of the wind. The shaft spins, creates rotational
energy, and it transfers this energy over to a generator. Here we are using a
12 volt gear motor as generator. The MC34063A
containing the primary functions required for DC–to–DC converters. Controlled
duty cycle oscillates with an active current limit circuit, driver and high
current output switch. This series was specifically designed to be incorporated
in Step–Down applications with a minimum number of external components. Zener
diode control the voltage and provide 5v or below 5v at the output. A LED shows when power is available at the USB socket. Maximum
current output is 660mA, more than adequate to run any USB-powered accessory. The out is taken across the USB and can
directly give to the mobile.
3. CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM & DISCRIPTION
Fig 2
Specification
Output voltage----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5V
Outputcurrent------------------------------------------------------660mAmaximumfor5Vout
Input voltage range--------------------------------------------------------------9.5Vto15VDC
Input current requirement-----------------------500mAfor9Vin,350mAfor>12Vinput
Input current with output shorted----------------------------120mat9Vin,80mAat15Vin
Output ripple-----------------------------------------------14mV(from no load to 660mA)
Load regulation---------------------------------------------25mV (from no load to 660mA)
Line regulation ------20mV change at full load from 9 to 18V input
No load input current ----------------------------------------------------------------------20m
Outputcurrent------------------------------------------------------660mAmaximumfor5Vout
Input voltage range--------------------------------------------------------------9.5Vto15VDC
Input current requirement-----------------------500mAfor9Vin,350mAfor>12Vinput
Input current with output shorted----------------------------120mat9Vin,80mAat15Vin
Output ripple-----------------------------------------------14mV(from no load to 660mA)
Load regulation---------------------------------------------25mV (from no load to 660mA)
Line regulation ------20mV change at full load from 9 to 18V input
No load input current ----------------------------------------------------------------------20m
4. WORKING
Mobile phones can usually accept a relatively wide range of
voltages as long as it is sufficiently above the phone battery's
voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can damage the phone. Mostly,
the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary up to 12
volts when the power source is not loaded .We are
charging batteries by connecting them to a wind-powered generator, consisting
of fan blades, a rotor that picks up energy from the blades and accelerates it,
and a motor which receives energy from the rotor and produces DC current.
When we use massive fans to generate
electric power, we're relying on the motion of wind. In the simplest terms, the
blades of the fans capture kinetic
energy, or the energy of motion, from the movement of the wind. As the
blades spin, so does the shaft that the blades are attached to. As the shaft
spins, it creates rotational energy, and it transfers this energy over to a
generator. A generator, in the
case of a wind turbine, is simply a set of magnets that spin around a coiled
wire. The magnets spinning around the wire create an electrical current,
providing us with power. Build a DC generator
by turning a 12 volt DC motor in reverse.
At its most basic, a DC generator simply requires the oscillation of a
magnetic field and a coil of wire to capture the electricity. You could easily
demonstrate this principle with a refrigerator magnet and a coil of copper wire
attached to a 1.5-volt light bulb. The simplest way to build a DC generator for
home use is to apply force to a 12-volt DC motor to spin the axle in reverse. Here we are using a 12 volt
gear motor as generator.
Phones have rechargeable batteries inside
which need to be charged with a DC voltage (slightly higher than the battery
voltage). Simple phone chargers provide this DC voltage.12 dc volt generated
from the gear motor is taken as input. Here wind energy is used
to generate 12v, by the rotation of fan leaf generator shaft get rotated and
12v will generate. The generated 9-15v, 500mA is the input supply. This will
pass through IC MC34063A and voltage become 5v and current become
660ma, zener diode prevent high voltages so output voltage always will be 5v.
The
MC34063A Series is a monolithic control circuit containing the primary
functions required for DC–to–DC converters. These devices consist of an
internal temperature compensated reference, comparator, controlled duty cycle
oscillator with an active current limit circuit, driver and high current output
switch. This series was specifically designed to be incorporated in Step–Down
and Step–Up and Voltage–Inverting applications with a minimum number of
external components. Here mc34063 act as a step down converter. That is 12v is
step down to 5v.
After that there is a filter circuit that
cleans the voltage before giving out on the charger pins. This voltage is used
for charging the phone. More advanced and well designed phone chargers have
semiconductor IC based regulators, convertors for clean and have short circuit
protection built-in. The circuit is based around an MC34063 switch mode regulator. This
has high efficiency so that there is very little heat produced inside the box,
even when delivering its maximum output current.
In the
diagram a zener diode connected to a voltage source with a current limiting
resistor. There is no resistance to the change in voltage until the zone
reaches 5 volts. Any voltage between 0 and 5 volts will be unregulated and will
fluctuate with the voltage exerted on the resistor. A LED shows when power
is available at the USB socket. Maximum current output is 660mA, more than
adequate to run any USB-powered accessory
Since the Universal Serial Bus
specification provides for a five-volt power supply, it is possible to use a
USB cable
as a power source for recharging batteries. Output is taken across the USB
socket. This is given to mobile phone /iPod. Products based on this approach include chargers for cellular phones and portable digital
audio players
5.
MAIN
COMPONENTS
5.1
Wind generator
A device that captures the force of the wind to provide rotational
motion to produce power with an generator.
Wind generators are "active" electricity producers. If the wind is
blowing, they will produce current whether the battery bank needs the charge or
not. In order to prevent damage to the wind turbine, all of the electricity it
produces must be "used" in some way.
5.2Gear
Motors
5.2.1 Definition
fig:3
A gear motor is a
type of electrical motor. Like all electrical motors, it uses the magnetism
induced by an electrical current to rotate a rotor that is connected to a
shaft. The energy transferred from the rotor to the shaft is then used to power
a connected device. In a gear motor, the energy output is used to turn a series
of gears in an integrated gear train. There are a number of different types of
gear motors, but the most common are AC (alternating current) and DC (direct
current).
5.2.2Function
fig:4
In a gear motor, the magnetic current
(which can be produced by either permanent magnets or electromagnets) turns
gears that are either in a gear reduction unit or in an
integrated gear box. A second shaft is connected to these gears.
The result is that the gears greatly increase the amount of torque the motor is
capable of producing while simultaneously slowing down the motor's output
speed. The motor will not need to draw as much current to function and will
move more slowly, but will provide greater torque.
5.2.3 Uses
fig:5
Gear motors
are commonly used in conveyor-belt drives, home appliances, in handicap and
platform lifts, medical and laboratory equipment, machine tools, packaging
machinery and printing presses. A special type of gear motor, the servo motor,
provides more power in a compact, precise fashion, and is used when a motor with a rapid, accurate
response is needed.
5.3 IC MC34063
The MC34063A Series is a monolithic
control circuit containing the primary functions required for DC–to–DC
converters. These devices consist of an internal temperature compensated
reference, comparator, controlled duty cycle oscillator with an active current
limit circuit, driver and high current output switch. This series was
specifically designed to be incorporated in Step–Down and Step–Up and
Voltage–Inverting applications with a minimum number of external components.
Fig 6
FEATURES
·
Minimum
number of external components.
·
3V
to 30V Input Voltage Operation.
·
Internal
1.6A Peak Current Switch.
·
Internal
1.8% Reference.
·
Low
Quiescent Current at 1.6mA.
·
Frequency
Operation from 100Hz to 100 KHz.
·
Current
Limiting.
APPLICATIONS
Saver
for Cellular phones
DC-DC Converter Module
Figure 7 pin connection of IC MC34063A
As stated in the datasheet, The MC34063A
operates from 3V to 40V input voltage and consists of a monolithic control
circuit containing the primary functions required for DC–to–DC converters. It has low standby current, current limiting,
up to 1.5A of output switch current, an output voltage adjustable, and up to
100kHz of frequency operation in its features.
The
step-down converter(MC34063A)
The
step down converter is the power unit to make the output voltage which is lower
than the input voltage. The converter which was made this time makes +2V to
+10V output voltage with the input voltage of +12V. Because it makes the
limitation value of the input electric current about 1.3A, the maximum with the
input electric power is about 16W.
Fig:8
The
reference voltage comparison block
The reference voltage is 1.25 V. It detects
whether or not the comparative voltage to have made with the output voltage
is lower or higher than the reference voltage with the comparator. The
switching regulator injects the electric power to the output from the input
if the comparative voltage is lower than the reference voltage and works to
restrain the electric power to the output if the comparative voltage is high.
The side of the negative of the reference voltage may are not the grounding.
With this, regulator can work in the inverting.
Fig:9 reference
voltage comparison block
The comparative voltage is made by the
voltage drop of R1 and R2. R1 and R2 are the external part. The comparative
voltage is connected with the negative input of the comparator. The 1.25-V
voltage is output from the reference regulator. The reference voltage is
connected with the positive input of the comparator.
When the comparative voltage is higher than the reference voltage, the
output of the comparator becomes the L level. When the comparative voltage is
lower than the reference voltage, the output of the comparator becomes the H
level. explain behind, the regulator
restrains the supply of electric power to the output when the output of the
comparator becomes the L level. The supply of electric power is worked when
the output of the comparator becomes the H-level.You can change the output
voltage by changing the value of R1 .In case of the step-up or the step-down
converter, the external circuit makes be introducing in this corner
Fig:4.4
In case of the inverting converter,
you make the external circuit like the figure on the left. The electric
current which flows through R2 increases when the output voltage becomes high
on the side of the negative. With it, the voltage of the both edges of R2
goes up. Then, the comparative voltage becomes higher than the reference
voltage and the output of the comparator becomes the L level. The supply of
electric power to the output is restrained by it and the output voltage
becomes low to the side of the positive. When the output voltage becomes low
on the side of the positive, voltage of R2 goes down and the comparative
voltage becomes lower than the reference voltage. In the case, the output of
the comparator becomes the H level, the supply of electric power to the
output is done and the output voltage becomes high to the side of the
negative.
You can change the output voltage by changing the value of R1.  
Fig:4.5
The
oscillation circuit block
The oscillation frequency (the
switching frequency) can be changed with the capacitor of the external. The
output of the oscillation circuit is applied to the flip-flop for the
switching control and drives the switching transistors. The oscillation
circuit manages the function of the over-current detection more. It detects
the voltage of the over-current detection resistor which is inserted in the
input circuit. In case of the over-current condition, it restrains the
oscillation operation and it protects the switching transistors from the
destruction. The detection voltage of the over-current is 0.3 V.This time, I
used the 0.22-ohm resistor as Rsc. The upper limit value of the input
electric current becomes 0.3V / 0.22ohm = 1.36 A.
Because the consumption electric power of the resistor was (1.36A)2
x 0.22ohm = 0.41 W, I used the 1-W one.
Fig:4.6 -switching block
The switching transistors are
controlled by the output of the comparator and the output of the oscillator.
The (FF) is used for the control of the transistor. The Q becomes the H level
when S becomes the L level in SR-FF. However, as for the FF which is used
here, the inverter (making the L and H opposite) is added to the output. In
the explanation of the following of me, it makes the output of the inverter
the Q. The Q becomes the L level when S becomes the L level. Also, the Q
becomes the H level when R becomes the L level. When S is the L level,
irrespective of the condition of R, the Q becomes the L level. This inverter
isn't written at the data sheet. The inverter is necessary when thinking of
the regulator operation. The white circle expresses the inverter by the
circuit diagram. Because the switching transistor becomes OFF when the
comparative voltage is higher than the reference voltage when confirming in
the operation by the actual IC.
Fig:4.7
When the comparative voltage is
higher than the reference voltage, the output of the comparator becomes the L
level. When any one of the input of the NAND gate (N) becomes the L level,
the output becomes the L level. Because it is, in this case, irrespective of
the output of the oscillator (OSC), S becomes the L level. When S is the L
level, the Q, too, becomes the L level and the switching transistors become
the OFF condition. When the switching transistors are OFF, the supply of
electric power to the outputisrestrainedandtheoutputvoltagefalls.
Fig: 4.8
When the comparative voltage is
higher than the reference voltage, the output of the comparator (C) becomes
the H level. In this case, the output of the NAND gate (N) changes according
to the condition of the oscillator(OSC).When the output of the OSC is the H
level, the output of N becomes H. The inverter is added to R, too. Because it
is, when the output of the OSC is H, R becomes the L level and the becoming Q
becomes the H level. When the Q becomes H, the switching transistors become
the ON condition.
Fig:4.9
When the output of the OSC is the L
level, the output of N, too, becomes the L. In this case, because the Q
becomes the L, the switching transistors become the OFF condition. Mentioned
above, when the output of the comparator is the H level, the switching
transistors switch over by the oscillation of the OSC. When the output
voltage falls from the set voltage, the regulator supplies the electric power
to the output by the switching operation. When the output voltage becomes
higher than the set voltage, the regulator stops the switching operation and
stops the supply of electric power to the output.
In case of
MC34063A, it isn't doing the way of changing the switching pulse duration
like LM2575 as the way of controlling the voltage. It is doing the way of
controlling the switching operation in ups and downs with the output
voltage.
The
operation of the step down converter
Fig:4.10
The circuit on the left is the basic
circuit of the step down converter. The input electric power is sent to the
output circuit by the switching operation of the regulator. The coil of the
output circuit stores up the input electric power when TR is ON. Then, it
slips the electrical energy which was stored up when TR was OFF to the output
and it supplies the load with the electric power. The capacitor of the output
circuit does the supply of electrical power to the load in the leveling like
the induction coil.
When TR is ON, the input electric
power is supplied to the capacitor (C2) and the load through the coil (L1).
At this time, the electrical energy is stored up at the coil (L1) and the
capacitor (C2). At this time, the side of the input of the induction coil
becomes positive potential and the side of the output becomes the negative
potential.
Fig:4.11
Fig:4.12
When TR becomes OFF, the coil slips
the electrical energy which was stored up by trying to continue to pass the
electric current. (Lenz's law) At this time, the side of the
input of the coil becomes negative and the side of the output becomes the
positive potential. It becomes such potential because it tries to continue to
pass the electric current. The electrical energy which was stored up at the coil
is supplied through the load and the diode. When there is not a diode, the
electrical energy which was stored up at the coil cannot be supplied. At this
same time, the electrical energy which was stored up at the capacitor is
completely supplied to the load present in the output too.
Fig:4.13
The input electric power is again
applied through TR when TR becomes ON. This electric power is supplied to the
load but the part is stored up at the coil and the capacitor. When the
countercurrent isn't prevented with the diode when TR becomes ON, the input
electric power flows to the ground through the diode and isn't supplied to
the load. Because it is, the diode must be used the the shottky
barrier diode
or the first recovery diode.
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5.POT
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The humble potentiometer (or pot, as it
is more commonly known) is a simple electro-mechanical transducer. It converts
rotary or linear motion from the operator into a change of resistance, and this
change is (or can be) used to control anything from the volume of a hi-fi
system to the direction of a huge container ship. The pot as we know it was originally
known as a rheostat (or rheostat in some texts) - essentially a variable wire
wound resistor. Power - A
pot with a power rating of (say) 0.5W will have a maximum voltage that can
exist across the pot before the rating is exceeded. All power ratings are with
the entire resistance element in circuit, so maximum dissipation reduces as the
resistance is reduced (assuming series or "two terminal" rheostat
wiring). Let's look at the 0.5W pot, and 10k is a good value to start with for
explanation.
If the maximum
dissipation is 0.5W and the resistance is 10k, then the maximum current that
may flow through the entire resistance element is determined
by..
P=I*I*R
Therefore,
I =√P / R
I =√P / R
So, I
= 7m
In fact, 7mA is the maximum current
that can flow in any part of the resistance element, so if the 10k pot were set
to a resistance of 1k, current is still 7mA, and maximum power is now only
50mW, and not the 500mW we had before. Voltage
across resistance element - The maximum voltage across the example pot
from above is 70v or 10k*7mA. This will rarely (if ever) be achieved in an
audio system, but is easy with many other designs. As the resistance increases,
so does the voltage - a 0.5W 1M pot will pass only 700uA at maximum power
rating, but the voltage needed to create this current is 700V
6. ZENER DIODES
Zener diodes are generally
used for voltage regulation. The diodes are used with reverse polarity when
compared to their rectifier counterparts (you hook them up backwards to make
them work properly). All diodes have a point at which they will conduct current
when sufficient reverse voltage is applied. Most diodes are damaged when the
reverse voltage reaches the breakdown (or avalanche) voltage. This is primarily
due to the lack of any current limiting resistor. Zener diode circuits have a
current limiting resistor in series with the diode as part of their design. If
the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the resistor and the other
end of the resistor is connected to the cathode of the zener. The other end of
the zener, the anode, is connected to ground. If the zener diode is a 5.1 volt
zener, the voltage on the cathode of the zener will be very close to 5.1 volts.
The voltage is going to be close (but not usually exactly) the rated zener
voltage. You can sometimes get the voltage very close to its rated zener
voltage by varying the value of the resistor. This changes the current flow
through the diode. This type of circuit is good for use as a voltage reference
but it is not very good to supply regulated voltage to circuits that draw a large
amount of current
Fig: 6.1 - 5.1V Zener Diode
This unit has a
minimum voltage of 4.845 V and a maximum voltage of 5.355 V, with a leakage
current of 1 V and a test current of 49 mA.Zener diodes differ from regular
diodes in that they have a varying "reverse-breakdown" voltage. That
means you apply voltage across them, and when a preset voltage is reached, they
start conducting. A common analogy is a "pressure relief valve". They
have lots of uses, especially in safety circuits where you want to make sure a
voltage signal doesn't exceed a limit that might damage the circuit. This
1N4728A zener diode is set at 5.1V, making it ideal for protecting the inputs
of a 5V circuit. Specifically, it has a minimum voltage of 4.845 V and a
maximum voltage of 5.355 V, with a leakage current of 1 V and a test currentof49mA.
Specifications:
Voltage - Zener (Nom) (Vz): 3.3V
Power - Max: 1W
Impedance (Max) (Zzt): 10 Ohm
Voltage - Forward (Vf) (Max) @ If: -
Current - Reverse Leakage Vr: 100µA @ 1V
Tolerance: ±5%
Mounting Type: Through Hole, Axial
Package / Case: DO-41, Axial
Operating Temperature: -65°C ~ 200°C
Other Names: 1N5338BG
Power - Max: 1W
Impedance (Max) (Zzt): 10 Ohm
Voltage - Forward (Vf) (Max) @ If: -
Current - Reverse Leakage Vr: 100µA @ 1V
Tolerance: ±5%
Mounting Type: Through Hole, Axial
Package / Case: DO-41, Axial
Operating Temperature: -65°C ~ 200°C
Other Names: 1N5338BG
7. Standard USB Plugs and Receptacles
The plugs and receptacles have
4-contacts and are rectangular in shape with the contact opening of a Type A
plug or receptacle measuring approximately 13.1(W) x 5.5(H) mm. The contact
opening on standard Type B USB plugs and receptacles measures approximately
5.6(W) x 3.2(H) mm.
Universal
Serial Bus (USB) is a specification to establish communication
between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computer) USB has
effectively replaced a variety of interfaces such as serial
and parallel
ports.
USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice,
keyboards, digital
cameras, printers, personal media players, flash
drives, Network Adapters, and external hard drives. For many of those
devices, USB has become the standard connection method.USB was designed for personal
computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such as smart phones,
PDAs and video game consoles, and as a power cord.
As of 2008, there are about 2
billion USB devices sold per year, and approximately 6 billion total sold to
date Unlike the older connection standards RS-232 or Parallel
port, USB connectors also supply electric power, so many devices connected
by USB do not need a power source of their own.
7.1Standard type A
The USB 2.0 Standard-A type of USB
plug is a flattened rectangle which inserts into a "downstream-port"
receptacle on the USB host, or a hub, and carries both power and data. This
plug is frequently seen on cables that are permanently attached to a device,
such as one connecting a keyboard or mouse to the computer via USB
connection.USB connections eventually wear out as the connection loosens
through repeated plugging and unplugging. The lifetime of a USB-A male
connector are approximately 1,500 connect/disconnect cycles.
PCB LAYOUT
ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWERED MOBILE PHONE CHARGER
Wind power is a clean, renewable source of energy that you can
harness to power your home appliances or charge batteries. The wind powered charger concept design for
a case for a circuit that uses a wind turbine to provide charge for your
device. It allows you to continually top up the charge of your mobile or ipod
while you are out and about, as long as there is a wind.
These have been designed to allow you to extend the charge of your
mobile phone by taking advantages of any wind around you. This circuit which
consist a wind fan, which put aside the phone to allow to charge whenever the
fan leaf are moved by the wind. This setup requires 4 hours to charge you’re
mobile fully, though this time reduces when subjected to faster wind. These
design the leaf to make the fan more efficient to further shorten the charging
time. The phone would need to be placed or held in an area with at least a wind
for it to charge, especially in train, and held in position for the leaf to
move. If the design can be improved, perhaps with attachment for a bike or arm
and by improving the leaf efficiency, these may be much needed eco-friendly
charger.
·
Benefits of
Wind Energy
Wind generators require relatively
little maintenance, but it is recommended that the generator receives annual
visual check-ups to ensure the propeller blades haven't been damaged. If the
turbine is located in a good spot it's very unlikely to be damaged by any
flying debris, but a chipped or cracked blade can be a hazard should it break
completely, and a chipped or damaged blade will also negatively affect the
turbine's performance.
Wind turbines are very useful in
almost any marine or household electrical system. In marine use, the movement
of the boat will raise enough breezes to get the generator turning even when
actual winds are fairly low, making them an extremely reliable source of
on-board power. For residential systems, wind power can be a wonderful source
of power during low-light winter months and even year-round, depending on the
site. They can also be configured to power dedicated water pumping systems,
which may be of particular interest to individuals currently without running
water.
For commercial and
industrial use, wind turbines are particularly useful in rugged remote
locations such as mountaintop repeater stations or offshore oil platforms. High
elevation and offshore or seaside remote
sites often have fairly high year-round wind current that will make the most of
wind generation systems. Industrial grade wind generators are available to
withstand the worst storm winds present at such sites.
.
CONCLUSION
We
are proud to express our delight as the project we embarked upon is
successfully finished within the target date .the project give as more
confidence that we will be able to put in practice, whatever theoretical we
gained during our course of study till now .if really persuades us to do more
and more, perhaps in better way in future.
Here we charge the mobile phone
battery using wind energy. We take this opportunity to thank every once again
who contributed directly or indirectly for successful completion of the
project.
APPENDIX
DATA SHEET
ABSOLUTE
MAXIMUM RATINGS
Supply Voltage ......................................................………….........................................
30V
Comparator Input Voltage Range ..................................………….....................
-0.3V~30V
Switch Collector Voltage .......................................……………......................................30V
Switch Emitter Voltage ..................................…………….............................................30V
Switch Collector to Emitter Voltage .....................…………..........................................30V
Driver Collector Voltage .................................……………............................................30V
Switch
Current ............................................……………................................................1.6A
Power Dissipation and Thermal Characteristics
DIP Package
Ta= 25°C ...............................………….............................1.0W
Thermal Resistance .................……….......................100°C
/W
SO Package
Ta= 25°C.................................…………….......................625mW
Thermal Resistance .................……….......................160°C
/W
Operating Junction Temperature ...125°C
Operating Ambient Temperature Range ...0°C~70°C
Storage
Temperature Range ... - 65°C~150°C
Table 1: electrical
characteristics of IC MC34063A
Table 2: maximum rating of IC
MC34063A
Table 3: electrical characteristics of IC MC34063A
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